Complications of diabetes are mainly divided into acute and chronic complications.
The most common acute complications of diabetes are diabetic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis.
Chronic diabetic complications mainly include cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. In addition, diabetes may cause retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and diabetic foot.
Other complications include:
- Retinopathy
Hyperglycemia can damage the microvasculature of the retina. Early manifestations include blurred vision or floaters. In the progressive stage, retinal hemorrhage and macular edema may occur. Annual fundus examination is recommended for diabetic patients. - Diabetic Nephropathy
The main feature is a decreased glomerular filtration rate, with clinical manifestations of proteinuria and elevated blood pressure. It may be related to glomerular hyperfiltration and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products. Diagnosis requires testing the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. - Peripheral Neuropathy
It presents as symmetrical numbness and tingling sensations in the limbs, especially in the feet. Its pathogenesis is associated with abnormal sorbitol metabolism and microvascular ischemia. Diagnosis is based on nerve conduction velocity testing. - Diabetic Foot
Foot ulcers, infections, and even gangrene result from neuropathy and ischemia. Common predisposing factors include ill-fitting shoes and socks, scalds, and improper nail trimming.