MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young)：
MODY1 (HNF4A gene mutation): Blood glucose gradually increases with age, and patients are sensitive to sulfonylureas.
MODY2 (GCK gene mutation): Mildly elevated blood glucose, usually does not require medication.
MODY3 (HNF1A gene mutation): Onset in adolescence; low-dose sulfonylureas are more effective than insulin.
Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus：
Onset occurs within 6 months of age. Approximately 50% of cases are caused by mutations in the KCNJ11 or ABCC8 genes. Patients may be switched from insulin to sulfonylureas for blood glucose control.
More than 30 genes associated with monogenic diabetes have been identified worldwide. With the popularization of next-generation sequencing technology, more rare mutations are being detected. Future research directions include gene-editing therapy and the development of drug targets (such as specific activators for potassium channel mutations).